This article is about the chemical substance called melamine. The term “melamine” may also be used to refer to the plastic melamine resin.

Not to be confused with the pigment melanin and the hormone melatonin.

Melamine[1]
IUPAC name	1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine
Other names	2,4,6-Triamino-s-triazine Cyanurotriamide Cyanurotriamine Cyanuramide
Identifiers
CAS number	[108-78-1]
PubChem	7955
SMILES	[show] Nc1nc(N)nc(N)n1
Properties
Molecular formula	C3H6N6
Molar mass	126.12 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Density	1574 kg/m3
Melting point	350 °C, 623 K, 662 °F
Boiling point	Sublimes
Solubility in water	3.1 g/l (20 °C)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references

Melamine is an organic base and a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. Like cyanamide, it contains 66% nitrogen by mass and, if mixed with resins, has fire retardant properties due to its release of nitrogen gas when burned or charred, and has several other industrial uses. Melamine is also a metabolite of cyromazine, a pesticide. It is formed in the body of mammals who have ingested cyromazine.^[2] It has been reported that cyromazine can also be converted to melamine in plants.^[3][4]

Melamine combines with cyanuric acid to form melamine cyanurate, which has been implicated in the Chinese protein export contaminations.

Etymology

The German word Melamin was coined by combining the names of 2 other chemical products: Melam (a distillation derivative of ammonium thiocyanate) and Amin. ^[5][6]

 Uses

Melamine is combined with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin, a very durable thermosetting plastic, and melamine foam, a polymeric cleaning product. The end products include countertops, dry erase boards, fabrics, glues, housewares and flame retardants. Melamine is one of the major components in Pigment Yellow 150, a colorant in inks and plastics.

Melamine also enters the fabrication of melamine poly-sulfonate used as superplasticizer for making high-resistance concrete. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) is a polymer used as cement admixture to reduce the water content in concrete while increasing the fluidity and the workability of the mix during its handling and pouring. It results in concrete with a lower porosity and a higher mechanical strength exhibiting an improved resistance to aggressive environments and a longer life-time.

The use of melamine as fertilizer for crops had been envisaged during the ’50s and ’60s because of its high nitrogen content (2/3)^[7]. However, the hydrolysis reactions of melamine leading to the nitrogen mineralisation in soils are very slow, precluding a broad use of melamine as fertilizing agent.

Melamine derivatives of arsenical drugs are potentially important in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis^[8]Melamine use as non-protein nitrogen (NPN) for cattle was described in a 1958 patent.^[9] In 1978, however, a study concluded that melamine “may not be an acceptable non-protein N source for ruminants” because its hydrolysis in cattle is slower and less complete than other nitrogen sources such as cottonseed meal and urea.^[10]

Melamine is sometimes illegally added to food products in order to increase the apparent protein content. Standard tests such as the Kjeldahl and Dumas tests estimate protein levels by measuring the nitrogen content, so they can be misled by adding nitrogen-rich compounds such as melamine. ^[1 Toxicity

Melamine by itself is nontoxic in low doses, but when combined with cyanuric acid it can cause fatal kidney stones due to the formation of an insoluble melamine cyanurate.^[12] Melamine is described as being “Harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Chronic exposure may cause cancer or reproductive damage. Eye, skin and respiratory irritant.” However, the toxic dose is on a par with common table salt with an LD₅₀ of more than 3 grams per kilogram of bodyweight.^[13]FDA scientists explained that when melamine and cyanuric acid are absorbed into the bloodstream, they concentrate and interact in the urine-filled renal microtubules, then crystallize and form large numbers of round, yellow crystals, which in turn block and damage the renal cells that line the tubes, causing the kidneys to malfunction.^[14]

 Acute toxicity

Melamine is reported to have an oral LD₅₀ of 3248 mg/kg based on rat data. It is also an irritant when inhaled or in contact with the skin or eyes. The reported dermal LD₅₀ is >1000 mg/kg for rabbits.^[15] In a 1945 study, large doses of melamine were given orally to rats, rabbits and dogs with “no significant toxic effects” observed.^[16]

A study by USSR researchers in the 1980s suggested that melamine cyanurate, commonly used as a fire retardant^[17], could be more toxic than either melamine or cyanuric acid alone.^[18] For rats and mice, the reported LD₅₀ for melamine cyanurate was 4.1 g/kg (given inside the stomach) and 3.5 g/kg (via inhalation), compared to 6.0 and 4.3 g/kg for melamine and 7.7 and 3.4 g/kg for cyanuric acid, respectively.

A toxicology study conducted after recalls of contaminated pet food concluded that the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in diet does lead to acute renal failure in cats.^[19]

 Chronic toxicity

Ingestion of melamine may lead to reproductive damage, or bladder or kidney stones, which can lead to bladder cancer.^{[15][20][21][22][23]}

A study in 1953 reported that dogs fed 3% melamine for a year had the following changes in their urine: (1) reduced specific gravity, (2) increased output, (3) melamine crystalluria, and (4) protein and occult blood.^[24]

A survey commissioned by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians suggested that crystals formed in the kidneys melamine combined with cyanuric acid, “don’t dissolve easily. They go away slowly, if at all, so there is the potential for chronic toxicity.”^[25][26][27]

 Regulation

In Europe, food or animal feed products containing more than 2.5 mg / kg are to be immediately destroyed.^[28]

In the US, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides a test method for analyzing cyromazine and melamine in animal tissues in its Chemistry Laboratory Guidebook which “contains test methods used by FSIS Laboratories to support the Agency’s inspection program, ensuring that meat, poultry, dairy and egg products are safe, wholesome and accurately labeled.”^[29][30] In 1999, in a proposed rule published in the Federal Register regarding cyromazine residue, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed “removing melamine, a metabolite of cyromazine from the tolerance expression since it is no longer considered a residue of concern.”^[31] Melamine, classified a controlled substance in China^[32], has been illegally used in the high profile 2008 baby milk scandal case which led to the death of at least 4 infants^[32].

On October 3, 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said that up to 2.5 parts per million of melamine was safe for adults, but declined to set a standard for children. The FDA also implied it would not permit the sale of food deliberately adulterated (rather than accidentally contaminated) with melamine.^[33]Rosa L. DeLauro, Chairwoman of the Agriculture– Food and Drug Administration subcommittee said anything less than zero tolerance would not protect consumers.^[34] DeLauro criticised the FDA’s “acceptable level for melamine in food” was an insult to consumers, and would give the impression that the FDA was condoning intentional contamination.^[35]

 Synthesis

Melamine was first synthesized by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1834. In early production, first calcium cyanamide is converted into dicyandiamide, then heated above its melting temperature to produce melamine. However, today most industrial manufacturers use urea in the following reaction to produce melamine:

6 (NH₂)₂CO → C₃H₆N₆ + 6 NH₃ + 3 CO₂

It can be understood as two steps.

First, urea decomposes into cyanic acid and ammonia in an endothermic reaction:

6 (NH₂)₂CO → 6 HCNO + 6 NH₃

Then, cyanic acid polymerizes to form melamine and carbon dioxide:

6 HCNO → C₃H₆N₆ + 3 CO₂

The second reaction is exothermic but the overall process is endothermic.

The above reaction can be carried out by either of two methods: catalyzedgas-phase production or high pressureliquid-phase production. In one method, molten urea is introduced onto a fluidized bed with catalyst for reaction. Hot ammonia gas is also present to fluidize the bed and inhibit deammonization. The effluent then is cooled. Ammonia and carbon dioxide in the off-gas are separated from the melamine-containing slurry. The slurry is further concentrated and crystallized to yield melamine.^[36] Major manufacturers and licensors such as DSM, BASF and Eurotecnica have developed some proprietary methods.

The off-gas contains large amounts of ammonia. Therefore melamine production is often integrated into urea production which uses ammonia as feedstock.

Crystallization and washing of melamine generates a considerable amount of waste water, which is a pollutant if discharged directly into the environment. The waste water may be concentrated into a solid (1.5-5% of the weight) for easier disposal. The solid may contain approximately 70% melamine, 23% oxytriazines (ammeline, ammelide and cyanuric acid), 0.7% polycondensates (melem, melam and melon).^[37]

[edit] Recent production of melamine in mainland China

Between the late 1990s and early 2000s, both consumption and production of melamine grew considerably in mainland China. In the United States Geological Survey 2004 Minerals Survey Yearbook, in a report on worldwide nitrogen production, the author stated that “(mainland) China continued to plan and construct new ammonia and urea plants using coal gasification technology.”^[38]

By early 2006, melamine production in mainland China is reported to be in “serious surplus”.^[39] In April 2007, DSM’s melamine industry update painted a grave global picture.^[40] Between 2002 and 2007, while the global melamine price remained stable, a steep increase in the price of urea (feedstock for melamine) has reduced the profitability of melamine manufacturing. Currently, China is the world’s largest exporter of melamine, while its domestic consumption still grows by 10% per year. However, reduced profit has already caused other joint melamine ventures to be postponed there.

Surplus melamine has been a popular adulterant for feedstock and baby formula in mainland China for several years now, because it can make diluted or poor quality material appear to be higher in protein content by elevating the total nitrogen content detected by some simple protein tests.

 Poisoning and kidney failure caused by melamine cyanurate

[edit] 2007 Animal feed recalls

Further information: 2007 pet food recalls and Chinese protein export contamination

In 2007 a pet food recall was initiated by Menu Foods and other pet food manufacturers who had found their products had been contaminated and caused serious illnesses or deaths in some of the animals that had eaten them.^[41][42][43] In March 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration reported finding white granular melamine in the pet food, in samples of white granular wheat gluten imported from a single source in China, Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology^[44] as well as in crystalline form in the kidneys and in urine of affected animals.^[45] Further vegetable protein imported from China was later implicated.

In April 2007, The New York Times reported that the addition of “melamine scrap” into fish and livestock feed to give the false appearance of a higher level of protein was an “open secret” in many parts of mainland China, reporting that this melamine scrap was being produced by at least one plant processing coal into melamine.^[46] Four days later, the New York Times reported that, despite the widely reported ban on melamine use in vegetable proteins in mainland China, at least some chemical manufacturers continued to report selling it for use in animal feed and in products for human consumption. Li Xiuping, a manager at Henan Xinxiang Huaxing Chemical in Henan Province, stated, “Our chemical products are mostly used for additives, not for animal feed. Melamine is mainly used in the chemical industry, but it can also be used in making cakes.”^[47] Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group, the company reported by the New York Times as producing melamine from coal, produces and sells both urea and melamine but does not list melamine resin as a product.^[48]

Another recall incident in 2007 involved melamine which had been purposely added as a binder to fish and livestock feed manufactured in the United States. This was traced to suppliers in Ohio and Colorado.^[49]

 2008 Chinese milk scandal

Further information: 2008 Chinese milk scandal

In September 2008, several companies were implicated in a scandal involving milk and infant formula which had been adulterated with melamine, leading to kidney stones and other renal failure, especially among young children. By 22 September, nearly 53,000 people had become ill, with more than 12,800 hospitalizations and four infant deaths.^[50][51]

Melamine may have been added to fool government protein content tests after water was added to fraudulently dilute the milk. Because of melamine’s high nitrogen content (66% by mass versus approx. 10-12% for typical protein), it can cause the protein content of food to appear higher than the true value.^[52][53] Officials estimate that about 20 percent of the dairy companies tested in China sell products tainted with melamine.^[54]

 Testing for melamine and cyanuric acid in food

Until the 2007 pet food recalls, melamine had not routinely been monitored in food, except in the context of plastic safety or insecticide residue. This could be due to the previously assumed low toxicity of melamine, and the relatively expensive methods of detection.

Following the 2008 health scare in China over powdered milk, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission set-up a website about methods to detect melamine (http://irmm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/melamine[3]).

In October 2008, the U.S. FDA issued new methods for the analysis of melamine and cyanuric acid in infant formulations in the Laboratory Information Bulletin No 4421 ^[55]. Similar recommendations have been issued by other authorities, like the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare ^[56], both based on LC MS/MS detection after HILIC separation ^[57]

Because melamine resin is often used in food packaging and tableware, melamine at ppm level (1 part per million) in food and beverage has been reported due to migration from melamine-containing resins.^[58] Small amounts of melamine have also been reported in foodstuff as a metabolite product of cyromazine, an insecticide used on animals and crops.^[59]

The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides a test method for analyzing cyromazine and melamine in animal tissues. ^[29][30] In 2007, the FDA began using a high performance liquid chromatography test to determine the melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid contamination in food.^[60] Another procedure is based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). ^[61][62]

See also

• 1,3,5-Triazine
• Triazines
• Non-protein nitrogen (others)
• Cyanamide (precursor of melamine)
• Cyanuric acid (degradation product of melamine)
• Melamine cyanurate
• Melam
• 2008 Chinese milk scandal
• International Reaction to the 2008 Dairy Scandal

 References

 External links

Look up melamine in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Melamine
• Melamine Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
• OECD Screening Information Data　Set (SIDS): Melamine (High Production Volume Chemicals Screening Information，PDF, 89 pages).
• FDA Web Page with Information on Pet Food Recall (due to Melamine contamination )

The Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD) yesterday assured the public that all milk and other food products in the local market are free from melamine contamination and are safe for consumption.

BFAD director Leticia Gutierrez gave the assurance as the bureau released the results of tests on the last batch of imported food products for possible melamine content.

The BFAD chief said all the 32 milk and other products in the last batch were found negative for melamine contamination.

3. Columbia’s Choquick Instant Choco Malt Drink, 80 g. & 300 g.

4. Dairy America Skimmed Milk Processed/ Spray processed (repacked)

22. Nutri Express 15 Nutritional Elements colored orange cap and label

23. Nutri Express 15 Nutritional Elements colored red cap and label

28. Wanfu Foods Coffee Mail Tea Cookies Biscuits (yellow wrapper)

30. Want-Want Hot Kid Milk Candy (I milky & Chewy)

“With the laboratory tests already done, we can say that all food products in the local market are free from melamine contamination,” Gutierrez said in an interview.

She said out of the more than a hundred milk, meat and other food products tested by BFAD, only six were found to have melamine and these were all made in China.

“Just to make sure that other imported products are not contaminated with melamine, we (also) tested those from Indonesia and they were negative,” Gutierrez added.

The Department of Health (DOH) and the BFAD will assess next week if the ban against China-made milk and its byproducts can already be lifted as the last batch of products tested by the bureau were negative for melamine, Secretary Francisco Duque III said yesterday.

“I have to wait for the report of BFAD. I think BFAD’s legal department is now preparing a report so by Monday, maybe we can make a decision. But it appears that we are not that affected by melamine contamination,” Duque said.

Duque urged the Chinese government to impose “sanctions in the harshest possible ways on the people responsible for the addition of melamine” in milk products.

Gutierrez stressed that BFAD will continue to collect samples and conduct routine laboratory tests to ensure that all products being sold in the market are safe to eat.

“We have to continue routine laboratory examination, because there are new imported products coming in,” she explained.

Gutierrez, however, said all commercial establishments selling imported food products in the country have been directed to register their products with BFAD before selling them to the public.

“Only products registered with BFAD are considered legal and safe for public consumption,” Gutierrez said.

The Bureau of Customs (BOC), meantime, remains on alert for food products that might be tainted with melamine, although this time they have shifted their attention from milk and its derivative products for human consumption to foods intended for pets.

BOC-Customs Intelligence and Investigation Service (CIIS) director Jairus Paguntalan yesterday circulated a memorandum to all enforcement units, directing them to be on alert for the possible entry of pet foods and animal feeds that might contain melamine.

This after it was reported that in China, some 1,500 dogs bred for their raccoon-like fur died of kidney failure after eating feeds tainted with melamine.

In the Oct. 23 memorandum, Paguntalan said, “Based on the US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) website advisory directing the recall of pet food due to melamine content and the news report of melamine-tainted feeds that killed 1,500 dogs in Beijing, China, you are hereby directed to monitor/alert all shipments of pet foods/animal feeds made/manufactured/processed/exported from China to ensure that subject shipments are tested for melamine content and that it shall not be released without prior clearance from the concerned agencies.”

Once pet food or animal feed arrives in the port, these cargoes would be placed on hold. They would then take samples from the shipment and turn them over to the proper authority for testing.

The BOC-CIIS has yet to determine which government agency has jurisdiction over animal feeds and pet food.

“This is the first time that we have raised the alert for pet food. We are pro-active if we receive information from the global community,” he added.

Paguntalan said there is a possibility that they would consider releasing the shipment under “provisional release.”

Under a provisional release, the BOC would release the shipment to the consignee on the condition that it would be delivered to a warehouse and would not be sold to the public until it has been cleared by the government.

A bureau agent would also be assigned to guard the shipment. - With Sheila Crisostomo, Evelyn Macairan

Zac Efron
Efron at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids’ Choice Awards, October 2007
Born	Zachary David Alexander Efron October 18, 1987 (1987-10-18) (age 21) San Luis Obispo, California, United States
Occupation	Actor, singer
Years active	2002–present

Zachary David Alexander “Zac” Efron (born October 18, 1987) is an Americanactor and singer. He began acting in the early 2000s, and became known to young audiences after his roles in the Disney Channel Original Movie High School Musical, the WB series Summerland, and the film version of the Broadway musical Hairspray.^[1][2] Speaking to Newsweek in June 2006, director Adam Shankman described Efron as “arguably the biggest teen star in America right now.”^[3] In 2007, right before the release of High School Musical 2, Rolling Stone declared him the “poster boy for tweenyboppers” and featured him in their late August issue.^[4]

Ashley Tisdale
Tisdale performing the first single “Be Good to Me” in the tour High School Musical: The Concert.
Background information
Birth name	Ashley Michelle Tisdale
Born	2 July 1985 (1985-07-02) (age 23) Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States
Genre(s)	Pop
Occupation(s)	Actress, singer-songwriter, film producer, spokesperson
Instrument(s)	Vocal
Voice type(s)	Mezzo-soprano
Years active	1995 — present
Label(s)	Warner Bros.
Website	www.ashleytisdale.com Tisdale’s signature

Ashley Michelle Tisdale (born July 2, 1985) is an American actress and singer. She is better known for her role as Maddie Fitzpatrick on the Disney Channel Original Series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and as Sharpay Evans in High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and High School Musical 3: Senior Year. Tisdale is the voice for Candace Flynn in the Disney Channel original series Phineas and Ferb. Besides acting, she has also pursued a solo music career and released her debut album Headstrong on February 6, 2007. The album debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200 selling over 64,000 copies in the first week.^[1]

Early life

Tisdale was born in Monmouth County, New Jersey on July 2, 1985,^[2][3] to Lisa (née Morris) and Mike Tisdale, who runs a construction company.^[4] She grew up in Ocean Township.^[5] Her elder sister, Jennifer Tisdale, is an actress and model, and her maternal grandfather, Arnold Morris, developed Ginsu Knives; through her grandfather, she is also related to businessman Ron Popeil.^[6] Tisdale is Jewish on her mother’s side and considers herself Jewish.^[7][8]

When she was three, Tisdale was discovered by Bill Perlman, her current manager, at South Shores Mall.^[9] At the age of eight, she was cast in a leading role in the Broadway musical, Les Misérables and later toured internationally with the cast of Annie.^[9] She began her acting career by appearing in Gypsy: A Musical Fable and The Sound of Music at the Jewish Community Center of Monmouth County.^[10][11]

Career

Early work

During the late 1990s, Tisdale made guest appearances in several television series, which included George Lopez, Smart Guy, 7th Heaven, Grounded for Life, Boston Public, Strong Medicine, Charmed, and Beverly Hills, 90210. She had a minor role in the 2001 film Donnie Darko and made a guest appearance on The Amanda Show. She had recurring roles on the sitcoms, The Hughleys, and Still Standing.

Tisdale performing at the High School Musical: The Concert Tour.

2005-2006: High School Musical

In 2005, Tisdale was cast in the role of Maddie Fitzpatrick on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody after auditioning for the roles of Maddie Fitzpatrick and London Tipton.^[12] As the series became popular, Tisdale became a featured performer on the Disney Channel and performed a voice role in Whisper of the Heart.

Tisdale was cast as Sharpay Evans in Disney Channel Original Movie High School Musical. Tisdale had originally auditioned for the role of Gabriella Montez, but was eventually cast as Sharpay Evans, because it was felt that her alto voice suited a darker character.^[13] Herhis role in High School Musical required her to perform several songs. Her contributions to the High School Musical soundtrack included “What I’ve Been Looking For”, “Bop to the Top”, and “We’re All in This Together”. All three managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100.^[14] Tisdale made music history by becoming the first female artist ever to debut with two singles simultaneously on the “Billboard Hot 100″ with “What I’ve Been Looking For” and “Bop to the Top”.^[11][15] Later, she recorded a cover version of “Some Day My Prince Will Come” alongside Drew Seeley for a DisneyMania album. Tisdale also appeared in the two episodes of MTV’s Punk’d.^[16] She appeared in the Disney Channel Games 2006 as captain of the Green Team. Tisdale tried out for the role of Erin on Final Destination 3 but was not cast.^[17]

She has sang a cover version of the song “Kiss the Girl” which was first heard on Radio Disney on September 4, 2006. The music video for the song premiered on September 6, 2006 on Disney Channel.^[18] In addition to these, she recorded a version of “A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes” with other members of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars. In June 2006, Tisdale signed in a record deal with Warner Bros. Records.^[19] Prior to the release of her debut album, Tisdale covered the hit single “Last Christmas” (originally by Wham!) and released it in 2006 as the first single in her deal with Warner Bros. Records.^[20]

Tisdale performing the song “Headstrong“

Tisdale launched a worldwide tour with the rest of the cast of High School Musical in fall 2006, performing the songs from the soundtrack album as well of three songs from her debut album, which was released on 2007.^[21] A DVD and a live album named High School Musical: The Concert were released in 2007, featuring “We’ll Be Together”, “He Said She Said” and “Headstrong“.

2007-2008: Headstrong

Tisdale’s first solo album, Headstrong, was released on February 6, 2007 and was distributed by Warner Bros Records.^[22] The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 album charts, selling 64,000 copies.^[23] Though her first single was “He Said She Said“, it was released later, with “Be Good to Me” being released as her first single. Tisdale wrote four songs for this album - “Not Like That“, “Suddenly“, “Over It” and the bonus track “It’s Life”.^{[24][25][26][27]}

Tisdale re-released “He Said She Said” in September 19, 2007, when the music video premiered on MTV’s TRL.^[28] On January 25, 2008 Tisdale released “Not Like That” in Europe (later in Chile and Brazil) and on February 22, 2008 released “Suddenly” in Brazil (later in Germany).^[29]

Some promotional singles were released from the album. The songs “Goin’ Crazy” and “Headstrong” were released as exclusive singles on Radio Disney,^[30] “So Much for You” was released on Australian and Brazilian radio, and “We’ll Be Together” was released as a promo single to promote the DVD High School Musical: The Concert.

In 2007, Tisdale released her first music DVD, There’s Something About Ashley, with a three-song trilogy comprised by music videos and a documentary about the Headstrong album creation.^[31]

The album was re-released for the first time in Christmas 2007 in a Holiday Edition with the standard CD, the DVD There’s Something About Ashley in a digipack format, and some other merchandise.^[32] The album was re-released again in a limited Deluxe Edition format, released only in Germany with the DVD.^[33]

Performing “Bop To The Top“

Tisdale promoted the album and the DVD in a mini mall-tour in mid-October 2007 in which she had an Ecko Red fashion show and later, performed live three songs in selected American’s malls.^[34] The album has been certified Gold in the U.S. for reaching 500,000 copies shipped^[35] and it was nominated as #6 on “Album of The Year” by Billboard Readers’ Choice.^[36]

She reprised her role as Sharpay Evans in High School Musical 2 which premiered on August 17, 2007. She also appeared on the soundtrack of High School Musical 2, performing several songs such as “Fabulous”, “You Are The Music In Me” and “What Time Is It?“. Tisdale has a supporting role in the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb, voicing Candace Flynn. She also voiced Camille Leon on Disney Channel series Kim Possible. Tisdale also received her first award on Nickelodeon Kids’ Choice Awards UK as “Best TV Acress” by her acting on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.

MTV News confirmed in an interview that her first movie with herself being the star is titled Picture This as Mandy Gilbert, which was released on DVD in 2008.^[37] Also, Tisdale is credited as one of the executive producers of the movie.^[38] Tisdale made a special appearance in the credits of the movie Bring It On: In It to Win It, where she performed her single “He Said She Said“.

In October 2008, a German version of the “Be Good to Me“’s music video was released, with some behind the scenes being included. Also, the version used is the rap-version. The song was finally released as an official single on Germany on October 17, 2008.^[39]

2008-present: Current projects

As part of her deal with Degree, she recorded cover versions of ’80s and ’90s hits, including “I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)“, “Never Gonna Give You Up“, “Time After Time“, “Heaven is a Place on Earth” and “Too Many Walls”. The songs are available to download in the official site, unlocked only with special codes, received in different packages of the deodorant.^[40] Tisdale also covered the 80’s hit song “Shadows of the Night” for the motion picture Picture This.

Tisdale reprised her role as Sharpay Evan for the second time in High School Musical 3: Senior Year. She also will appear on the High School Musical 3 soundtrack, performing songs such as “I Want It All” and “A Night to Remember“. Also, the song “I Want It All” was released as one of the official singles from the soundtrack, with the song being released on iTunes and video being aired on Disney Channel.^[41] Tisdale also presented an award in the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards along with the rest of the High School Musical 3: Senior Year cast.^[42] Also, Tisdale launched an European promotional tour along with the Cast of High School Musical 3: Senior Year to promote the movie.^[43]

The Hollywood Reporter reported that she will star in 20th Century Fox’s new adventure comedy, They Came From Upstairs along with Robert Hoffman and Carter Jenkins, set to be released in theatres on February, 2009.^[44] Also, she will do some guest appearances on the spin-off of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, The Suite Life on Deck, as Maddie Fitzpatrick.^[45][46]

In a Extra! interview she stated that she recorded a couple of songs as of April 2008 for her next album and after shooting High School Musical 3: Senior Year she will focus her attention on her second album.^[47] According to Tisdale, she is finishing her album which will be released on February, 2009. ^[48]

Products and endorsement

In October 2007, Tisdale signed a promotional deal for the Eckō Red clothing brand in which she toured malls across the U.S. Tisdale functioned as spokesperson and performed in conjunction with fashion shows hosted at each mall.^[34] On March 17, 2008, Tisdale teamed up with “Huckleberry Toys” to produce a limited edition of dolls modelled after herself.^[49] She also participed in commercials for Toys “R” Us, T-Mobile, and signed a deal with Staples, Inc. to appear in the promotional campaign for the company’s “Geared 4 School” sweepstakes in the fall. She is also the face for Degree Girl in the United States.^[50]

Image and personal life

Tisdale underwent a rhinoplasty procedure on November 30, 2007. According to Tisdale, this was done for health-related reasons and not out of a belief in plastic surgery; her “septum was 80 percent deviated” and she had “two small fractures on [her] nose”, and this was interfering with her breathing. She spoke to People magazine about the surgery, saying that it was important to her to be honest with her fans.^[51]

On January 2007, Tisdale was declared the second Hottest Woman of Pop/R&B by Blender Magazine, which stated, “Tisdale has a gift. Not an angelic voice or a dazzling personality, but an even rarer commodity: millions of “pre-sold” tweens eager to buy her debut album!”.^[52] In an interview with People, Tisdale confirmed that she had been dating High School Musical dancer Jared Murillo since March 2007.^[53] In March 2007, Tisdale told Blender that she was drug and alcohol-free, and went on to add, “my mom really instilled confidence in me, so I’m not somebody who’d be under peer pressure”.^[54] She was later voted as number 10 in Maxim’s 2008 Hot 100 list.^[55] On June 11, 2008, Tisdale was ranked at #94 on Forbes Celebrity 100 list.^[56] She had also took photoshoots with her High School Musical co-stars, Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens for Elle Magazine.

On August 5, 2008, Tisdale was included in the list of Forbes Hollywood’s 10 Top-Paid Tweens. She was ranked number 6 for the $5.5 million earned from her roles in High School Musical 3: Senior Year and Phineas & Ferb, sales of her album Headstrong and endorsement deals with the manufacturers of Degree Girl and Red by Mark Eckō.^[57] Ashley made $2,8 million in High School Musical 3^[58]

Filmography

Films

Tisdale during the premiere of High School Musical 2.

Television

• You can check Tisdale’s full filmography here

Discography

Main article: Ashley Tisdale discography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Ashley Tisdale

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vanessa Hudgens
Vanessa Hudgens performing at the High School Musical: The Concert
Background information
Birth name	Vanessa Anne Hudgens
Born	December 14, 1988 (1988-12-14) (age 19) Salinas, California, United States
Genre(s)	Pop
Occupation(s)	Actress, singer, Spokesperson, model
Years active	2003–present
Label(s)	Walt Disney, Hollywood
Associated acts	Lil Mama, Corbin Bleu, Andrew Seeley, Mandy Moore

Vanessa Anne Hudgens (born December 14, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She made her debut in 2003 appearing in the Hollywood films Thirteen and Thunderbirds, before reaching fame in 2006 after appearing as Gabriella Montez in the Disney Channel film High School Musical hit series. Hudgens began a music career and released her debut album, V, in 2006. Her sophomore album, Identified, was released July 1, 2008. She is currently a Neutrogena spokesperson, the face of Sears and Ecko footwear.

Demi Lovato
Background information
Birth name	Demetria Devonne Lovato
Born	August 20, 1992 (1992-08-20) (age 16)
Origin	Dallas, Texas, United States
Genre(s)	Teen pop, Pop, Pop rock
Occupation(s)	Actor, singer, songwriter, guitarist, pianist
Instrument(s)	Vocals, guitar, piano
Years active	2002 — present
Label(s)	Hollywood Records
Associated acts	Selena Gomez, Jonas Brothers
Website	DemiLovato.com

Demetria Devonne “Demi” Lovato (born August 20, 1992) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She is best known for her role as Mitchie Torres in the Disney Channel Original Movie Camp Rock and for her role as Charlotte Adams in the short five-minute Disney Channel series As The Bell Rings. Her debut album, Don’t Forget was released on September 23, 2008.